ࡱ> egfY#( / 0DTimes New Roman4*0Wo 0D-3 00000 Roman4*0Wo 0 DArial00 Roman4*0Wo 0h" ` .  @n?" dd@  @@`` ,$lN     c $@uʚ;h3ʚ;g4CdCd0^ppp@ <4!d!d 0L +<4dddd 0L +g4=d=d0^p@ pp <4BdBd. 0L? %O, Presentation by Nancy Hopkins for FASID panel discussion, March 11, 20039 The Asia Foundation:a  <Reflections on a Decade of Democracy Programming in Cambodia==a = The Asia Foundationc(  ^Founded in 1954 Nongovernmental organization working with public and private institutions to develop a peaceful, prosperous, open Asia-Pacific region 17 offices throughout Asia, Washington D.C, San Francisco In 2002, provided resources of more than $50 million to 22 countries/territories in Asia Support programs that improve governance and law, economic reform and development, women s participation, and international relations ,Zcc  ^The Asia Foundation (TAF) s History in Cambodia00c( 0 Began in 1950s, suspended programs in late 1960s Reengaged in mid 1980s in Cambodian refugee camps along Thai border Programs included Books for Asia, training programs in human rights and law Supported by United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Opened office in Phnom Penh in early 1993 First international organization to sign a Memorandum of Understanding with Ministry of Foreign Affairs ,Zcc  USAID and Democracy Programming c(  USAID created in 1961, democracy building part of its mandate Became a core priority in 1990s Two main drivers: intrinsic value, practical value Office of Democracy and Governance Four program areas: rule of law, elections and political processes, civil society, governance Works through partner organizations and institutions Awards funds on competitive basis By late 1990s, spending upwards of $600 million on democracy programs ,Zcc   >TAF s Cambodia Country Program c(  lFocus on both the  supply side and the  demand side Strong focus on human resource development Strong focus on building civil society Rule of law (example: public defenders) Governance (examples: Parliamentary strengthening) Human rights (examples: investigation and monitoring, human rights education) 77c 7  >TAF s Cambodia Country Program c(  Elections (examples: voter education, training women candidates, election monitoring) Media and information dissemination (example: journalist training) (cb   TThe Women s Media Center of Cambodia (WMC)++c( + @Local nongovernmental organization that uses radio and video as tools to promote social change Founded in 1995 to analyze social issues from women s perspective, improve women s status, promote women s participation Run entirely by women media professionals Staff of 43 (40 women, 3 men), annual budget of approximately $600,000, diverse funding sources Programs: public service messages via radio and video, media campaigns, media awards, media services for NGO community, Radio WMC FM 102 Major contributor to democratization in Cambodia ,!Z cc   Radio WMC FM 102c(  27% of Cambodians own TV, 45% own radio (1999 statistics) WMC secured a broadcast license from the Ministry of Information Launched on International Women s Day, March 8, 1998 Broadcast 7 days per week, 15 hours per day 10 kilowatt transmitter with a relay station outside Phnom Penh, 150 km radius from Phnom Penh, can reach approximately 60% of Cambodian population in half of 23 provinces ,Zcc$   Radio WMC FM 102c(  WMC can now broadcast independent news coverage, provide air time to NGOs Advertising revenue brings in up to $2,000 per month Currently piloting community radio in one province 4cb  %Programmatic Challenges and Responses&&c( & Restrictions on working with Cambodian government with USAID funds Coordination with other funders Professionalization of NGO sector Evaluating impact Managing expectations Keeping Cambodia on the map *cc  /      ` ` ̙33` 333MMM` ff3333f` f` f` 3>?" dd@,|?" dd@   " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>> PH(    6\` P  X Click to edit Master title style!!   0Tc   RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!    S   0g ``  d*b    0 o `   f*b    0t `   f*b  H  0޽h ? ̙33 Default Design 0 P ^(     0(  X  C     ;  S  ;  @  ; @` H  0޽h ? ̙33  0   $ (  $X $ C     ; $ S F;  @  ; USAID is official foreign assistance agency of the U.S. government. Began as counter-communism programming, really took off in 1990s with the end of the Cold War, fall of Berlin Wall, breakup of Soviet Union  unprecedented wave of democratization  by mid-1990s USAID was supporting democracy programming in every region. Motivated by intrinsic value of democracy  liberty, freedom, government for the people by the people  although imperfect, US has something to contribute in this area. U.S. assumption that democratic states make better trade partners and will contribute to global security. In U.S. policy interests to enlarge community of democratic nations worldwide. USAID works with host country governments, U.S. businesses, NGOs, academic institutions, other U.S. government agencies, and international assistance agencies. Awards funds on a competitive basis to initiatives that fit with agency strategy, demonstrate local resource mobilization and participation, show results. `  H $ 0޽h ? ̙33 0 XP((  (X ( C     ;P ( S .  @  ; t Suspended Cambodia program in 1960s due to war in the region. When reengaged in mid 1980s in Thai border camps, ran program from Bangkok. Border program was important because it established TAF as a resource for Cambodians for the development of democracy and good governance, enabled TAF to forge relationships with some Cambodians who would later be leading government and civil society figures, some would be TAF s first staff members. In 1992 TAF submitted proposal for a multi-faceted program to assist Cambodia with transition to democracy, proposal approved by USAID, opened office in Phnom Penh in early 1993. New government quite open to efforts of foreign NGOs, quite open to talking about democracy and human rights Task was to build consensus within Cambodia about type of democracy Cambodians wanted to have. .;`8``$ 8  H ( 0޽h ? ̙33  0   p@ (  @X @ C     ;  @ S  ;  @  ;  Because of factional fighting in July 1997, U.S. Congress placed restrictions on using U.S. government funds to work directly with central government of Cambodia. TAF s civil society partners have been working with government in some indirect ways, through training and technical inputs. Large number of foreign assistance providers in Cambodia, several of whom are involved in democracy programming and support same organizations that TAF does. Try to provide complementary support, work together on program monitoring and financial audits, reduce duplication of efforts. In beginning, very existence of new NGOs was an accomplishment. Many had vision, but lacked organizational and financial management capacity. Now are working to strengthen systems. Easy to quantify outputs, harder to quantify impact. Much of democracy programming is about changing attitudes, which is difficult to measure. Trying to develop better indicators. Promoting a view of democratization as a long-term process, not a single event (i.e. an election). Providing a balanced view of Cambodia in the U.S. In nearly every new democracy are going to see some steps forward and some steps back. Democratization takes time. Demands for democracy funds in other countries, Cambodia becoming a lower priority. Must show important progress that has been made, articulate what still needs to be done. hh`g  H @ 0޽h ? ̙33 0 TL`D(  DX D C     ;L D S ;  @  ; Has enabled WMC to expand its radio work. Can now broadcast independent news coverage by WMC reporters, provide 2 hours per day of free air time to NGOs, sell air time to NGOs. Currently piloting community radio by using their provincial relay station to do two hours per day of local programming as a pilot project for the elections. Radio WMC FM 102 is the only NGO-run, women-run radio station in the country. `  H D 0޽h ? ̙33. 0 @H~(  HX H C     ; H S ;  @  ; .WMC knew that radio was best way to reach large number of Cambodians, and they felt constrained by need to use state-controlled radio to broadcast their programs. Licensing process took nearly one year. Agreement with government: will air programs that have to do with women s issues and social issues, will not be affiliated with political party activities. Other radio stations were surprised, impressed, supportive. Started programming with 200 watt transmitter contributed by UNESCO, could reach radius of 30 km from Phnom Penh. `  H H 0޽h ? ̙33  0   LH (  LX L C     ;  L S ;  @  ; J  Problems faced by Cambodian women: not recognized as political actors, not recognized as contributors to the economy, face specific forms of gender-based human rights abuse, and because of lower education and lower literacy rate face an information gap. During 1993 election a group of women formed an advocacy coalition, used video and UNTAC radio to promote incorporation of women s rights in Constitution, promote a peaceful election. TAF intrigued by idea of a women s organization using media to promote social change -- provided 5 original founders (all women journalists/activists) with office space and technical assistance. WMC produces short  spots , full-length programs, and campaigns about such issues as HIV/AIDS, domestic violence, anti-smoking, importance of women as voters and as candidates for elections Role in promoting democracy: Promoting women as equal partners in Cambodia s social/political/economic development. Provide citizens with information so they can make informed choices and improve their lives. Promote public debate through engagement of government officials and citizens in roundtables, call-in shows, etc. `  H L 0޽h ? ̙33  0   Pp (  PX P C     ;  P S Z;  @@  ; r , Partnership with USAID offered TAF an opportunity to assist with historic democratic transition in Southeast Asia in a country with which TAF had a long relationship. New governmental institutions were being built from the ground up, for 20 years Cambodian citizens hadn t had any real participation in political life of their country. Due to tragic legacy of Khmer Rouge regime, human resource constraints. For 20 years Cambodia had no civil sector independent of government  needed to build a civil society to represent citizen interests, increase citizen engagement, serve as a watchdog. Rule of law: Cambodia was developing a whole legal framework and system from scratch (including a new Constitution), few lawyers and judges survived the Khmer Rouge period. Governance: National Assembly est. in 1993. Government ministries expected to behave in a consultative, transparent, accountable manner. Human rights: Due to years of war and social strife, violence and repression accepted as a way of life. Government officials in charge of enforcing law and order lacked basic concepts of human rights. Citizens had low level of understanding about their rights. `  H P 0޽h ? ̙33  0 @X>(  XX X C     . X S g.  @  . @` H X 0޽h ? ̙33  0 dc(  dX d C     ; d S p;  @  ; eElections: UNTAC sponsored elections were the most expensive in history. In 1998 Cambodia was in charge of administering its own national election, no small task. Needed funding support and technical assistance from international community. In 2002 held first local-level election. Media and information dissemination: Access to information is central to strong democracy and economy. 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